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Honeycomb Structures

A composite sandwich panel (A) with honeycomb core (C) and face sheets (B)

Honeycomb structures are natural or man-made structures that have the geometry of a honeycomb to allow the minimisation of the amount of used material to reach minimal weight and minimal material cost. The geometry of honeycomb structures can vary widely but the common feature of all such structures is an array of hollow cells formed between thin vertical walls. The cells are often columnar and hexagonal in shape. A honeycomb shaped structure provides a material with minimal density and relative high out-of-plane compression properties and out-of-plane shear properties. Man-made honeycomb structural materials are commonly made by layering a honeycomb material between two thin layers that provide strength in tension. This forms a plate-like assembly. Honeycomb materials are widely used where flat or slightly curved surfaces are needed and their high strength-to-weight ratio is valuable. They are widely used in the aerospace industry for this reason, and honeycomb materials in aluminium, fibreglass and advanced composite materials have been featured in aircraft and rockets since the 1950s. They can also be found in many other fields, from packaging materials in the form of paper-based honeycomb cardboard, to sporting goods like skis and snowboards.

Introduction

Natural honeycomb structures include beehives, honeycomb weathering in rocks, tripe, and bone. Man-made honeycomb structures include sandwich composites with honeycomb cores. Man-made honeycomb structures are manufactured by using a variety of different materials, depending on the intended application and required characteristics, from paper or thermoplastics, used for low strength and stiffness for low load applications, to high strength and stiffness for high performance applications, from aluminum or fiber reinforced plastics. The strength of laminated or sandwich panels depends on the size of the panel, facing material used and the number or density of the honeycomb cells within it. Honeycomb composites are used widely in many industries, from aerospace industries, automotive and furniture to packaging and logistics. The material takes its name from its visual resemblance to a bee's honeycomb - a hexagonal sheet structure.

History

The hexagonal comb of the honeybee has been admired and wondered about from ancient times on. The first man-made honeycomb is said to have been manufactured by Daedalus from gold by lost wax casting more than 3000 years ago. Marcus Varro reports that the Greek geometricians Euclid and Zenodorus found that the hexagon shape makes most efficient use of space and building materials. The interior structure and hidden chambers of the Roman Pantheon dome is an early example of a honeycomb structure. Galileo Galilei discusses in 1638 the resistance of hollow solids:
Art, and nature even more, makes use of these in thousands of operations in which robustness is increased without adding weight, as is seen in the bones of birds and in many stalks that are light and very resistant to bending and breaking
Robert Hook discovers in 1665 that the natural cellular structure of cork is similar to the hexagonal honeybee comb and Charles Darwin states in 1859 that;
The comb of the hive-bee, as far as we can see, is absolutely perfect in economizing labour and wax
First paper honeycomb structures might have been made by the Chinese 2000 years ago for ornaments, but no reference for this has been found. Paper honeycombs and the expansion production process has been invented in Halle/Saale in Germany by Hans Heilbrun in 1901 for decorative applications. First honeycomb structures from corrugated metal sheets had been proposed for bee keeping in 1890. For the same purpose, as foundation sheets to harvest more honey, a honeycomb moulding process using a paper paste glue mixture had been patented in 1878. The three today still used basic honeycomb production techniques: expansion, corrugation and moulding where already developed by 1901 for non-sandwich applications. Hugo Junkers first explored the idea of a honeycomb core within a laminate structure. He proposed and patented the first honeycomb cores for aircraft application in 1915. He described in detail his concept to replace the fabric covered aircraft structures by metal sheets and reasoned that a metal sheet can also be loaded in compression if it is supported at very small intervals by arranging side by side a series of square or rectangular cells or triangular or hexagonal hollow bodies. The problem of bonding a continuous skin to cellular cores led Junkers later to the open corrugated structure, which could be riveted or welded together. The first use of honeycomb structures for structural applications had been independently proposed for building application and published already in 1914. In 1934 Edward G. Budd patented a welded steel honeycomb sandwich panel from corrugated metal sheets and Claude Dornier aimed 1937 to solve the core-skin bonding problem by rolling or pressing a skin which is in a plastic state into the core cell walls. The first successful structural adhesive bonding of honeycomb sandwich structures was achieved by Norman de Bruyne of Aero Research Limited, who patented an adhesive with the right viscosity to form resin fillets on the honeycomb core in 1938. The North American XB-70 Valkyrie made extensive use of stainless steel honeycomb panels using a brazing process they developed.

Manufacture

Composite honeycomb structures have been used in numerous engineering and scientific applications.
Application AreaIndustryCompany/Product
Racing shellsSportVespoli, Janousek Racing Boats
Aerospace manufacturingAerospaceHexcel
GlidersAerospaceSchleicher ASW 19, Solar Impulse Project
HelicoptersAerospaceKamov Ka-25, Bell 533, Westland Lynx
Jet aircraftAerospaceGeneral Dynamics/Grumman F-111B, F-111 Aardvark
Rocket substructureAerospaceSaturn V Instrument Unit, Mars Exploration Rover, S-520
LED technologyLightingSmartSlab
Loudspeaker technologyAudioLoudspeaker Driver design, Woofer
Telescope mirror structureAerospaceHubble Space Telescope
Automobile structureAutomotivePanther Solo, Dome F105, Bluebird-Proteus CN7, Ferrari F50
SnowboardsSportsSnowboard
More recent developments show that honeycomb structures are also advantageous in applications involving nanohole arrays in anodised alumina, microporous arrays in polymer thin films, activated carbon honeycombs and photonic band gap honeycomb structures.

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